Sitting in a shack listening to gila monsters wage psychic war on
humanity gets old fast, so for a change I spent yesterday in the Lancaster
Public Library, where I found an engaging piece in an old Scientific American (Dec.
2016) called The Evolution of
Myths, by Julien d'Huy, a doctoral candidate in history at
Pantheon-Sorbonne University in Paris. d'Huy uses computers and
specialized algorithms to track related myths in diverse
cultures and pinpoint specific time periods in their evolutions.
The periods of
time involved are surprisingly large, ranging back to the Paleolithic, when
other sorts of humans than Homo Sapiens lived. An implication is that
portions of our myths may have originated in other hominids who had language,
such as, perhaps, Neanderthals.
d'Huy isolated three families of myths for his study:
1. The Cosmic Hunt, known to us through
the Greek myth of Callisto, who was seduced by Zeus and turned into a bear by
Zeus' wife Hera. Callisto becomes separated from her son, Arcas. Years
later Arcas is a hunter who unknowingly throws a spear at his mother.
Zeus saves Callisto by turning her into the constellation Ursa Minor, the
"little bear." d'huy found the basic outline of this myth in
dozens of cultures and formulated it this way: "A man or
an animal pursues or kills one or more animals, and the creatures are changed
into constellations." Among the findings: Cosmic Hunt myths appeared in
most of the human world at least 15,000 years ago. d'Huy draws
"trees" to show the interrelations of myths. One branch of the Cosmic Hunt tree indicates a connection between
the Greek version and the
Algonquin.
2. Pygmalion myths feature a man who makes
an artificial female to his liking and then falls in love with her. d'Huy's study linked the myth to a north-south migration in Africa about 2,000 years ago. It found that the Greek version (which inspired George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion) was most similar to a version in Madagascar.
3. Polyphemus was, in the Greek myth, a giant cyclops-
son of Poseidon, the god of the Sea- who trapped Ulysses and his men in his
cave, where he planned to eat them. The captives devise a
sharp stake with which they blind Polyphemus while he sleeps, then escape by clinging to the underbellies of Polyphemus' sheep as they flee the
cave. d'huy describes the basic storyline of the Polyphemus myth family: "A man gets trapped in
the cave of a monster and escapes by insinuating himself into a herd of animals
under the monster's watchful eye." d'Huy finds a "protomyth"
from the Paleolithic that "reflects the belief, widely held by ancient
cultures, in the existence of a master of animals who keeps them in a cave and
the need for an intermediary to free them." He also finds a
connection with wall paintings, dated around 13,000 BC, in the Cave of the
Trois-Freres in the French Pyrenees, in which humans and bison combine body
parts and exchange expressive glances. Further, "...the artist has
meticulously drawn the anus and the vulvar orifice. These two elements
can be compared with some Amerindian versions of the Polyphemus story where the
man hides himself in the animal by entering its anus."
d'Huy calls variations on the three families of myths "mythmemes." Variations include changes of character, as when the human hunter Arcas becomes an animal,
or changes in action, as when Ulysses and his men, clinging to the bellies of sheep, transform into
escapees crawling into animal anuses and vaginas. d'Huy finds that
mythmemes often change at important historical times, for instance during
migrations. Once a mythmeme is set, there tend to be long periods of no
change. For example, the Greek versions have survived to our time unchanged.
But have they
survived? Many people today enjoy the Greek myths and find meaning in
them, but they are not "our" myths. We don't
"believe" them or think about them much. Of
course we have religious scriptures that can be thought of as myths
(whether you count them as literally true or not), but the populations of most
of our large national groups don't all believe the same religion anymore. We have our national myths, like the stories of America's Founding Fathers,
but these myths are so close to our time that we can parse the saintliness out
of the main characters, and do. Every culture in the world seems to be
having problems maintaining its myths.
Maybe the problem
is that the old myths (including those adhered to in contemporary religions) reflect either hunting or agricultural life, where
animals had real presence, unlike today when we see animals from afar: a
squirrel running behind a tree, a bird on a wire. The animals are
gone. We need new myths that reflect technology, especially the Internet and Artificial Intelligence.
As a small
contribution, then, I offer for your consideration this draft of a new myth:
The world was
dark; people could not speak to or understand each other. They had
voices, but they did not know what to say. When two people met, they
would formulate questions based on past experience, because people were able to
learn from experience. One person, remembering
that the weather affects everyone and so is a universally interesting topic,
would say, "Looks like rain," and the other, remembering
that cold often accompanies rain, would respond, "Yes, it may be cold too." This was called a "conversation" even though
the two people were not actually talking to each other, and each was
essentially alone. The people of this world were good with machines, and
when they realized how lonely they were they built machines to help them
communicate. At first the machines didn't work because they did not know
anything. This frustrating situation lasted for years, until one young
man called out to Techron, the God of Silicon, asking that the gift of
consciousness be given to machines, so that they might be smart enough to create
communication between people. Techron was possibly not the wisest choice because, for reasons lost to antiquity, he replied that he would grant the young man's request only if the machine/human interface directed all resulting output through the human anus. And that is why so many people today talk out of their ass.
The point is, we need new myths, and soon, while we have some chance of determining their endings.
